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The violence in Alexandria may have been caused by the Jews' being portrayed as misanthropic. The ancient Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria describes an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died. One of the earliest anti-Jewish edicts, promulgated by Antiochus Epiphanes in about 170–167 BCE, sparked a revolt of the Maccabees in Judea. Hecateus of Abdera is quoted by Flavius Josephus as having written about the time of Alexander the Great that the Jews "have often been treated injuriously by the kings and governors of Persia, yet can they not be dissuaded from acting what they think best but that when they are stripped on this account, and have torments inflicted upon them, and they are brought to the most terrible kinds of death, they meet them after an extraordinary manner, beyond all other people, and will not renounce the religion of their forefathers". Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian of that time, wrote scathingly of the Jews and his themes are repeated in the works of Chaeremon, Lysimachus, Poseidonius, Apollonius Molon, and in Apion and Tacitus. Alexandrian Jewry were the largest Jewish community in the world and the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced there. The first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced back to Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. Feldman concedes that after Manetho "the picture usually painted is one of universal and virulent anti-Judaism". As examples of pagan writers who spoke positively of Jews, Feldman cites Aristotle, Theophrastus, Clearchus of Soli and Megasthenes. In view of Manetho's anti-Jewish writings, antisemitism may have originated in Egypt and been spread by "the Greek retelling of Ancient Egyptian prejudices". to the vicious anti-Jewish statements thereafter, beginning with Manetho about 270 BCE". He asserts that "one of the great puzzles that has confronted the students of anti-semitism is the alleged shift from pro-Jewish statements found in the first pagan writers who mention the Jews. Feldman argues that "we must take issue with the communis sensus that the pagan writers are predominantly anti-Semitic". Martyrdom of the Seven Maccabees (1863) by Antonio Ciseri, depicting the woman in the Books of the Maccabees whose seven children were killed by the Seleucids

11 Antisemitism in the English-speaking worldĬlassical period Early animosity towards Jews.

4.6 Expulsions from the Holy Roman Empire.

4.2 Occupational and other restrictions.

3.1 Accusations of the killing of Jesus.

2.2 Muhammad, the Quran, and early Islam.

2.1 The New Testament and early Christianity.

The formation of the state of Israel in 1948 caused new antisemitic tensions in the Middle East. The coming of the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions in 19th-century Europe bred a new manifestation of antisemitism, based as much upon race as upon religion, which culminated in the Holocaust that occurred during World War II. The Islamic world has also historically seen the Jews as outsiders. In practice, it is difficult to differentiate antisemitism from the general ill-treatment of nations by other nations before the Roman period, but since the adoption of Christianity in Europe, antisemitism has undoubtedly been present.

Contemporary antisemitism which has been labeled by some as the new antisemitismĬhanes suggests that these six stages could be merged into three categories: "ancient antisemitism, which was primarily ethnic in nature Christian antisemitism, which was religious and the racial antisemitism of the 19th and 20th centuries".

Racial antisemitism that arose in the 19th century and culminated in Nazism.

Political, social and economic antisemitism during the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment Europe which laid the groundwork for racial antisemitism.

Muslim antisemitism which was-at least in its classical form-nuanced, in that Jews were a protected class.

Christian antisemitism in antiquity and the Middle Ages which was religious in nature and has extended into modern times.

Pre-Christian anti-Judaism in Ancient Greece and Rome which was primarily ethnic in nature.

Jerome Chanes identifies six stages in the historical development of antisemitism: The history of antisemitism, defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group, goes back many centuries, with antisemitism being called "the longest hatred".